**Source M
**

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, a former US Navy officer and a sociologist who was Assistant Secretary of Labor for President Lyndon B Johnson, writing in the report T_he Negro Family: The Case for National Action_ (March 1965).

Delinquency and Crime

The combined impact of poverty, failure, and isolation among Negro youth has had the predictable outcome in a disastrous delinquency and crime rate … It is probable that at present, a majority of the crimes against the person are committed by Negroes. There is, of course, no absolute evidence; inference can only be made from arrest and prison population statistics … In Chicago in 1963, three-quarters of the persons arrested for such crimes were Negro; in Detroit, the proportions were the same. In 1960, 37% of all persons in Federal and State prisons were Negro. In that year, 56% of the homicide and 57% of the assault offenders committed to State institutions were Negro …

The Armed Forces

The ultimate mark of inadequate preparation for life is the failure rate on the Armed Forces mental test …A grown young man who cannot pass this test is in trouble. 56% of Negroes fail it. This is a rate almost four times that of the whites … Service in the United States Armed Forces is the only experience open to the Negro American in which he is truly treated as an equal … In food, dress, housing, pay, work—the Negro in the Armed Forces is equal and is treated that way.

Source J

Chang-tai Hung, a professor of humanities, writing in the specialist history book_War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937–1945_ (1994).

The outbreak of full-scale war with Japan in 1937 dealt a devastating blow to the Nationalist[Guomindang] government’s efforts to recentralize its authority and revive the economy. It also endedJiang Jieshi’s chance of crushing the Communist forces, who were isolated in the barren and sparselypopulated Shaanxi province. The war displaced the Nationalists from their traditional power base inthe urban and industrial centers, and forced them to move to the interior. At the same time, it providedan ideal opportunity for the Communists to expand their influence in north China and become a truecontender for national power.

For many Chinese resisters, the clash with Japan turned out to be a unifying force. The Marco PoloBridge became a compelling symbol of China’s unity. Resisters looked at war as an antidote to chaos.Despite some progress made toward economic growth and political integration by the Nationalistgovernment on the eve of the war, the country was still largely fragmented. Regional militarists remaineda serious threat to the government, and the armed conflict between the Nationalists and the Communistspersisted. Political instability bred fear and fueled great discontent in society.

[Source: Republished with permission of University of California Press - Books, from War and popular culture: resistance in__modern China, 1937-1945, Chang-tai Hung, 1994; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

Source O

George C Wallace, Governor of Alabama, in a speech delivered the day after theUS President had signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, “The Civil Rights Movement:Fraud, Sham and Hoax” (4 July 1964).

[This Act] is a sham, and a hoax [trick]. This law will live in infamy [shame] … Never before in thehistory of this nation have so many human rights been destroyed by a single Act of Congress. It is anact of tyranny. It is the assassin’s knife stuck in the back of liberty.

Today this tyranny is imposed by the central federal government which claims the right to rule overour lives ... Every person in every aspect of our daily lives becomes subject to the criminal provisions[clauses] of this bill. It makes the exercise of our freedoms a federal crime … I am having nothing to dowith this so-called Civil Rights Bill.

We will not stand idly by while the [US] Supreme Court continues to invade the prerogatives [powers] left[granted] rightly to the states by the American constitution.

A left wing monster has risen up in this nation. It has invaded the government … and it intends to destroythe freedom and liberty of you and me … Red China and Soviet Russia are prime examples of what willhappen.

[Source: Permission granted by Alabama Department of Archives and History]

Source EEdward Gaylord Bourne, an historian specializing in Latin American history, writing in the academic book Spain in America, 1450–1580 (1904).

The encomienda system deteriorated into a serfdom approaching slavery and was capable of great abuses; but the crown tried to prevent these evils so far as possible. In the code for the Indies prepared in 1542, commonly called the “New Laws”, the future enslavement of the Indians was absolutely prohibited; encomenderos [holders of encomiendas] who had abused their Indians were to lose their possessions; no new encomiendas were to be granted, and existing ones were to end on the death of the holder.

In securing this legislation, Bartolomé de las Casas had been largely influential, but the practical difficulties of its execution proved overwhelming. The problem was not an easy one. A kingdom had been gained by the heroism and sacrifices of private adventurers: how were they to be rewarded and their families supported? That they should have great estates with a numerous body of serfs and live like nobles in Europe seemed a practical solution to the difficulty. On the other hand, the Spanish crown strongly disapproved of the wasting [misuse] of the population that had taken place. The Indian legislation of the Spanish kings is an impressive monument of good intentions.

[Source: Bourne, E.G., 1904. Spain in America, 1450–1580. New York: Harper and Brothers, p. 255.]

**Source Q
**

Gerard Prunier, an historian specializing in African history, writing in the academic book Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (2008).

[Tutsis returning from exile] would take any salaried job, and this meant pushing the Hutu out of the towns—and out of the jobs. This contributed to further social tensions in the country. To make things worse, over 150,000 houses had been destroyed and even without any illegal occupations there would not have been enough houses to go around. There were also nearly 300,000 children without parents … living lives of incredible fear and loneliness, at times miles away from the nearest adult. Most of the police were dead or had fled abroad with the former government, as had most of the judges, schoolteachers, doctors, and nurses … even the churches, which were full of dead bodies, were closed.

[Source: Republished with permission of Oxford University Press, from ‘Africa’s world war: Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the making of a continental catastrophe’, Gerard Prunier, 2008; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Language rights granted by Eulama International Literary Agency]

Note: In Source M, the word “Negro” is used to reflect the place and time of the original source. Today, in many countries, the word is no longer in common usage.

Source M Lyndon B Johnson, President of the United States (US), making a speech to the US Congress on voting rights (15 March 1965).

In Selma, Alabama, long-suffering men and women peacefully protested against the denial of their rights as Americans. Many were brutally assaulted. One good man, a man of God [a religious leader], was killed … Every American citizen must have an equal right to vote … Yet the harsh fact is that in many places in this country men and women are kept from voting simply because they are Negroes … The Constitution says that no person shall be kept from voting because of his race or his color. We have all sworn an oath before God to support and to defend that Constitution. We must now act in obedience to that oath … I will send to Congress a law designed to eliminate illegal barriers to the right to vote … This proposed Act will remove restrictions to voting in all elections—Federal, State and local—which have been used to deny Negroes the right to vote … It is wrong—deadly wrong—to deny any of your fellow Americans the right to vote in this country.

[Source: Johnson, L.B., 1965. ‘I speak tonight for the dignity of man and the destiny of democracy’, The American
Promise – 1965. [online] Available at: https://www.lbjlibrary.org/object/text/special-message-congress-americanpromise-
03-15-1965. Lyndon B. Johnson Library, National Archives and Records Administration. Adapted.]

The sources and questions relate to case study 2: The conquest of Mexico and Peru (1519–1551) — Impact: Cultural interaction and exchange.

The sources and questions relate to case study 1: The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain — Key events and actors: the Granada War and the conquest of Granada (1482–1492).

**Source S
**

Sadako Ogata, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, outlines her findings in a speech to the United Nations Security Council in New York (28 June 1996).

New comprehensive initiatives are urgently needed to break the deadlock in the repatriation of 1.7 million Rwandan refugees. Extremist elements among the refugees in Zaire are responsible for increasing armed incursions into Rwanda and have reportedly also been involved in the massacres in the Masisi region, thus creating regional tension. A climate of intimidation in the camps and fear of arrest or retribution [revenge] in Rwanda remain the two major obstacles to large scale repatriation.

Achieving lasting repatriation and contributing to reconciliation remains our objective… Let me say a few words about the relocation of camps. We believe that it would improve regional and refugee security … When combined with the separation of the former army and leadership, relocation would also help break their control of the refugees. It might then enable and induce many … refugees to repatriate … Separation would make it easier to exclude from international protection those guilty of genocide, in accordance with the OAU [Organisation of African Unity] Refugee Convention. This has thus far been practically impossible.

Let me add that I am worried about the assertion by some that the forced return through various means of Rwandan refugees from Zaire is the only “solution”. There are still human rights concerns in Rwanda. I am also convinced that in that case large numbers of refugees would spread out and destabilize other regions of Zaire, as happened in Masisi. On the other hand, a sudden mass return to Rwanda could have serious humanitarian and security implications.

[Source: Remarks by Mrs. Sadako Ogata, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,
to the United Nations Security Council, New York, 28 June 1996]

Source E

Inés Lopez, a resident of Ciudad Real, describes a number of the customs thatidentify her as a Jewish woman when confessing at her Inquisitorial Trial on22 October 1495.

I, Inés López, appear before Your Reverences with the greatest contrition [remorse] and repentance formy sins … I declare, My Lords, that I did not do servants’ work on some Saturdays, and on SundaysI put on clean clothes. And, sometimes I ate food that was prepared on Friday for Saturday, and I litcandles on Friday evening in accordance with Jewish ritual.

Likewise, I observed some of the Jewish fasts, [fasting] until nightfall. Moreover, I sometimes observedJewish holidays, when I found out about them from a cousin of mine named Isabel de Lobón, when I was[staying] with her, for she was a widow. And she told me, for the benefit of my soul, to especially observePassover, for the aforementioned Isabel de Lobón every so often gave me [unleavened bread], warningme not to tell anyone. The aforementioned Isabel de Lobón has left Villarreal [Ciudad Real]; for where,no one knows.

Likewise, I removed the fat from meat whenever I could. Likewise, My Lords, I declare that I ate on lowtables at funeral banquets.

[Source: “Inquisitorial Trials of Inés López” by Ronald Surtz in Medieval Iberia by Olivia Remi-Constable andDamian Zurro, p.333, 1997. Reprinted with permission of the University of Pennsylvania Press.]